Organisation resources for Task 52

Advancing green hydrogen integration in Morocco’s steel sector: project narrative report

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2026). UNIDO , Vienna, Austria.

Synthesises the whole readiness programme: Morocco’s steel sector structure, the hydrogen direct reduced iron option assessed at Jorf Lasfar, the stakeholder process, and the results and next steps across the technical, regulatory, standards and financing strands.

Policy and regulatory gaps for green hydrogen in Morocco’s steel sector

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2026). UNIDO , Vienna, Austria.

Maps the policy and regulatory conditions a hydrogen-based steel route needs in Morocco, covering hydrogen production and offtake rules, grid and land access, and the emissions accounting that would let hydrogen direct reduced iron qualify in export markets.

The technical pre-feasibility of hydrogen-based steel production and water desalination and adaptation impacts, Morocco

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2026). UNIDO , Vienna, Austria.

Technical pre-feasibility study for hydrogen-based steel production in Morocco, sizing a direct reduced iron route at the Jorf Lasfar industrial platform together with the desalinated water supply the electrolysis would need. Direct reduction and the site are treated concretely rather than as an example.

Steel -- Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025

IEA (2025). IEA , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Matthildi Apostolou; Jose Miguel Bermudez Menendez; Leonardo Collina; Chiara Delmastro; Carl Greenfield; Mathilde Huismans; Clara Klint; Andrew Ruttinger; Richard Simon; Tiffany Vass

The steel chapter of the IEA/IRENA/UN Climate Champions annual Breakthrough Agenda report resolves a specific technology case: BF-BOF still ~70% of global production, hydrogen DRI-EAF emerging as the preferred low-emissions route in certain regions, early hydrogen-blend commercial plants costed at 50-140% more than BF-BOF, and near-zero emissions iron capacity for 2030 tracked at about 10 Mt (unchanged from 2024) against roughly 80 Mt of 'near-zero capable' capacity. Verified: hydrogen appears 131 times and DRI 61 times across the 102-page report, both substantive.

Green Iron opportunities in Australia: A case study within the OECD's Global Green Iron project

OECD (2025). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Gianpiero Mattera; Anna Lockwood; Stephan Raes

Assesses green iron opportunities in Australia, including iron ore resources, renewable energy, DRI/HBI trade, investment barriers and policy settings.

Hydrogen in steel: Addressing emissions and dealing with overcapacity

OECD (2025). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Michele Rimini; Adrien Corneille; Danhak Gu; Muhammad Yamin

Directly examines hydrogen use in steelmaking and its interaction with emissions reduction, technology deployment and overcapacity policy.

Implementing the OECD Framework for Industry's Net-Zero Transition in South Africa: Decarbonising the Iron and Steel Sector

OECD (2025). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Joseph Cordonnier; Joana Argemí Ribalta; Eleonora Moro

Focuses on decarbonising South Africa's iron and steel sector, including renewable hydrogen-based production, finance, infrastructure and policy measures.

Addressing steel decarbonisation challenges for industry and policy

OECD (2024). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Jonas Algers; Cécile Seguineaud; Danhak Gu

Directly examines steel decarbonisation barriers, technology scale-up, resource access, investment, low-carbon steel markets and supporting policy packages.

Enhancing enabling environment to support the decarbonisation of Moroccan steel production through the application of green hydrogen

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2024). Green Climate Fund , Songdo, Republic of Korea.

A 58-page UNIDO project document devoted entirely to decarbonising Morocco's steel sector through green hydrogen. It sets out Morocco's steel industry structure (BF-BOF vs EAF vs DRI/EAF routes, CO2 intensities by route), the barriers to hydrogen-based DRI/EAF uptake, and a funded programme of pre-feasibility, certification, policy-gap and environmental/social-impact studies for green-hydrogen-based DRI/EAF steel production, so hydrogen is the central reductant/feedstock and steel is a resolved, not merely listed, case that bears directly on route feasibility, infrastructure and policy readiness.

Steel -- Breakthrough Agenda Report 2023

IEA (2023). IEA , Paris.

The 2023 steel chapter of the annual Breakthrough Agenda report, an earlier baseline against the 2025 edition already included: it resolves hydrogen-based DRI as an emerging low-emission route preferred by steelmakers in some regions, prices early 100%-hydrogen commercial plants at about USD 650/t (25% above BF-BOF), and tracks the near-zero primary steel project pipeline (13 Mt against a required ~100+ Mt by 2030). Verified: hydrogen appears 311 times and DRI 37 times across 179 pages, both substantive.

Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap: Towards more sustainable steelmaking

IEA (2020). IEA , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Sara Budinis; Peter Levi; Hana Mandová; Tiffany Vass

The IEA's dedicated technology roadmap for the sector, resolving hydrogen-based direct reduced iron as a distinct route to 2050 (projected at just under 15% of primary steel production by 2050) alongside CCUS and scrap-based routes, with policy recommendations including a market for near-zero emissions steel. Verified: hydrogen appears 227 times and DRI 253 times across 190 pages, both substantive.

Climate Club Financial Toolkit 2026 Update: Economic, De-risking and Financing Instruments for Industry Decarbonisation

OECD (2026). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Joseph Cordonnier; Eleonora Moro; Safrian Adam Farizi; Amylia Mesic

Catalogues economic, de-risking and financing instruments for industry decarbonisation, including steel and hydrogen-based production applications.

Implementing the OECD Framework for Industry's Net-Zero Transition in Egypt: Accelerating Green Hydrogen Development

OECD (2026). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Moongyung Lee

Provides a country framework for green hydrogen investment, finance and enabling conditions that informs hydrogen supply and industry-transition analysis.

Mapping financial and technical assistance for industry decarbonisation in emerging markets and developing economies in 2000-2023: Sustaining the momentum

OECD (2026). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Cécile Seguineaud; Amylia Mesic; Eleonora Moro

Maps finance and technical assistance for industrial decarbonisation, with dedicated steel-sector evidence and support for clean-hydrogen and other near-zero-emission projects.

OECD Steel Outlook 2026

OECD (2026). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Peter Avery; Anthony de Carvalho

Provides current global capacity, trade and competitiveness context, including developments in ironmaking and direct reduced iron, for hydrogen-enabled steel transition pathways.

Financing instruments for green hydrogen in Morocco’s steel sector

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2026). UNIDO , Vienna, Austria.

Sets out the financing instruments that could carry a hydrogen-based steel project in Morocco, including concessional and blended structures and offtake-backed models. Hydrogen finance is the subject and the steel application is the case, so the link is explicit but the analysis is financial rather than technical.

Support for decarbonising heavy industry in emerging markets and developing economies: Where we stand, where we need to go and how to get there

OECD (2025). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Joseph Cordonnier; Eleonora Moro; Cécile Séguineaud; Deger Saygin; Cecilia Tam; Andrew Ruttinger; Tiffany Vass; Luke Hatton

Assesses international support needed to deploy near-zero-emission heavy-industry technologies in emerging markets, including steel and clean hydrogen.

The carbon capacity nexus: A framework for supply-side industrial emission reduction pledges

OECD (2025). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Jonas Algers; Luciano Giua; Adrien Corneille

Links industrial capacity decisions with emissions-reduction pledges, relevant to avoiding fossil steel lock-in while hydrogen ironmaking capacity scales.

Definitions for Near-Zero and Low-Emissions Steel and Cement, and Underlying Emissions Measurement Methodologies

IEA (2024). IEA , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Tiffany Vass; Peter Levi; Isabel Geppert; Antonella Pasetto; Andrew Ruttinger

Follow-up to the 2022 G7 report and the IEA's Working Party on Industrial Decarbonisation / Climate Club process, this paper sets out converging near-zero and low-emissions thresholds for steel and the measurement methodology to apply them, explicitly using hydrogen-based direct reduced iron and natural-gas DRI with increasing hydrogen blending as the reference innovative and transitional routes. Verified: hydrogen appears only 3 times in 34 pages but every occurrence resolves a specific DRI-hydrogen case (definitional thresholds, technology examples, and reporting requirements for hydrogen-based DRI), so the thin count does not indicate a thin link.

Unlocking potential in the global scrap steel market: Opportunities and challenges

OECD (2024). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Adrien Corneille; Aryan Agrawal

Frames scrap availability, circularity and market constraints that shape residual primary-iron demand and the role of hydrogen-based DRI in future steel systems.

The Heterogeneity of Steel Decarbonisation Pathways

OECD (2023). OECD Publishing , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Masanobu Nakamizu; Cécile Seguineaud

Shows why steel decarbonisation routes differ across regional asset bases, resources, markets and policy conditions, supporting Task 52 pathway synthesis.

Achieving Net Zero Heavy Industry Sectors in G7 Members

IEA (2022). IEA , Paris.

Named preparers/authors: Timur Gül; Araceli Fernandez Pales; Peter Levi; Tiffany Vass

Prepared for the G7 Industrial Decarbonisation Agenda, this report resolves comparative process routes for steel (BF-BOF, DRI-EAF, hydrogen-based DRI, scrap EAF, CCUS) with emissions-intensity data and proposes the first IEA common definitions for near-zero emission steel, the basis for the Task's later definitions work. Verified: hydrogen appears 90 times and DRI 49 times across 139 pages, both substantive; the technology-route figure explicitly resolves a hydrogen-based DRI case.